COMM 330 IMC Functions: Public Relations: Citation

There are numerous formats that can be used to cite sources. Most of the time undergraduates at Duquesne will find themselves needing to use one of three:

• MLA - Created by the Modern Language Association, it is mainly used in English and the humanities. The current version is the 7th edition.
• APA - Created by the American Psychological Association, it is mainly used in Psychology and some of the other Social Sciences, as well as Nursing. The current version is the 6th edition.
• Chicago Manual of Style - Used in many disciplines. The current version is the 16th edition.

When we speak of citing, two things are meant. The first is citing within the text of a paper, either by using parenthetical references, or footnotes. The second is providing complete bibliographic information for your sources in a bibliography (also known as a Works Cited page or Reference list).

The Duquesne University Writing Center has created very helpful guides to assist you with citing in-text and in bibliographies in MLA, APA, and Chicago Manual of Style. PDFs of these documents are available below.

 APA (6th edition): In-text and Reference List

 Chicago, notes and bibliography (16th edition): In-text and Bibliography

 Chicago, author-date (16th edition): In-text and Bibliography

 MLA (7th): In-text and Works Cited